Ingredient Glossary
Aldehyde C-16 (Strawberry Glycidate)
Aldehyde C-16 (EMPG / Strawberry Glycidate) — glycidic ester with vivid jammy-strawberry character, exceptional substantivity, and no EU allergen listing.
Aldehyde C-16 (Strawberry Glycidate)
Aldehyde C-16 (EMPG / Strawberry Glycidate) — glycidic ester with vivid jammy-strawberry character, exceptional substantivity, and no EU allergen listing.
Aldehyde C14
Aldehyde C14 (gamma-undecalactone) is a peach-apricot gamma-lactone used in fine fragrance and attar. IFRA unrestricted, FEMA GRAS 3091, fully halal. Available at bioshop.pk.
Aldehyde C14
Aldehyde C14 (gamma-undecalactone) is a peach-apricot gamma-lactone used in fine fragrance and attar. IFRA unrestricted, FEMA GRAS 3091, fully halal. Available at bioshop.pk.
Aldehyde C12 MNA
Aldehyde C12 MNA (2-methylundecanal) is the molecule behind Chanel No. 5 — a waxy, metallic, amber-shimmering aliphatic aldehyde for attar, EDP, and soap formulation.
Aldehyde C12 MNA
Aldehyde C12 MNA (2-methylundecanal) is the molecule behind Chanel No. 5 — a waxy, metallic, amber-shimmering aliphatic aldehyde for attar, EDP, and soap formulation.
Aldehyde C10 (Decanal)
Aldehyde C10 (Decanal) is the sparkling orange-rind aroma chemical behind classic aldehydic florals. IFRA-unrestricted, EU allergen-free, halal, with formulas for Pakistani attar and EDP.
Aldehyde C10 (Decanal)
Aldehyde C10 (Decanal) is the sparkling orange-rind aroma chemical behind classic aldehydic florals. IFRA-unrestricted, EU allergen-free, halal, with formulas for Pakistani attar and EDP.
Allyl Amyl Glycolate
Allyl Amyl Glycolate (AAG) — the iconic pineapple-galbanum aroma chemical behind Cool Water and Aventus. IFRA-unrestricted, Halal-certified, FEMA GRAS 2062.
Allyl Amyl Glycolate
Allyl Amyl Glycolate (AAG) — the iconic pineapple-galbanum aroma chemical behind Cool Water and Aventus. IFRA-unrestricted, Halal-certified, FEMA GRAS 2062.
Iso E Super
Iso E Super (CAS 54464-57-2) — the transparent cedarwood-amber aroma chemical behind Molecule 01. IFRA-restricted. Halal. Full formulas for Pakistani perfumers.
Iso E Super
Iso E Super (CAS 54464-57-2) — the transparent cedarwood-amber aroma chemical behind Molecule 01. IFRA-restricted. Halal. Full formulas for Pakistani perfumers.
Hedione — Complete Ingredient Guide
Hedione (Methyl Dihydrojasmonate, CAS 24851-98-7) is an IFRA-unrestricted aroma chemical delivering transparent jasmine-floral radiance — the defining molecule of modern fine fragrance.
Hedione — Complete Ingredient Guide
Hedione (Methyl Dihydrojasmonate, CAS 24851-98-7) is an IFRA-unrestricted aroma chemical delivering transparent jasmine-floral radiance — the defining molecule of modern fine fragrance.
Benzyl Benzoate
Benzyl Benzoate (CAS 120-51-4) is a balsamic aromatic ester fixative and musk solvent essential to Oriental attars and halal-friendly Pakistani fragrance formulation.
Benzyl Benzoate
Benzyl Benzoate (CAS 120-51-4) is a balsamic aromatic ester fixative and musk solvent essential to Oriental attars and halal-friendly Pakistani fragrance formulation.
Ambroxan
Ambroxan is a terpenoid ether base note derived from clary sage —the dry-ambery soul of ambergris, fully halal, IFRA unrestricted,and the backbone of Dior Sauvage.
Ambroxan
Ambroxan is a terpenoid ether base note derived from clary sage —the dry-ambery soul of ambergris, fully halal, IFRA unrestricted,and the backbone of Dior Sauvage.
Bulgarian Lavender Essential Oil — Complete Ing...
Bulgarian Lavender EO (Lavandula angustifolia) — Ustukhudoos Unani heritage, linalool GABA-A pharmacology, lavandin adulteration guide, Fougère and Sukoon attar formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Bulgarian Lavender Essential Oil — Complete Ing...
Bulgarian Lavender EO (Lavandula angustifolia) — Ustukhudoos Unani heritage, linalool GABA-A pharmacology, lavandin adulteration guide, Fougère and Sukoon attar formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Garlic Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Garlic Essential Oil (Allium sativum L.) — dominated by Diallyl Disulfide (DADS) 20–50% & Diallyl Trisulfide (DATS) 17–45%. No IFRA restriction as whole oil. Used in Roghan Seer Attar, scalp...
Garlic Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Garlic Essential Oil (Allium sativum L.) — dominated by Diallyl Disulfide (DADS) 20–50% & Diallyl Trisulfide (DATS) 17–45%. No IFRA restriction as whole oil. Used in Roghan Seer Attar, scalp...
Lemongrass Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & ...
Comprehensive reference for Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil — citral 70–85%, IFRA-restricted sensitiser, ISO 3217 standard. Covers GC/MS chemistry, Serai Unani heritage, anti-dandruff formulas, Serai Bahar Attar & Serai Verde EDP...
Lemongrass Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & ...
Comprehensive reference for Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil — citral 70–85%, IFRA-restricted sensitiser, ISO 3217 standard. Covers GC/MS chemistry, Serai Unani heritage, anti-dandruff formulas, Serai Bahar Attar & Serai Verde EDP...
Clary Sage Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient ...
Steam-distilled Salvia sclarea (Bulgarian & Chinese), linalyl acetate 40–75%, IFRA-unrestricted; cornerstone of Fougère formulation, Ambroxan precursor, and women's wellness blends for Pakistani formulators.
Clary Sage Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient ...
Steam-distilled Salvia sclarea (Bulgarian & Chinese), linalyl acetate 40–75%, IFRA-unrestricted; cornerstone of Fougère formulation, Ambroxan precursor, and women's wellness blends for Pakistani formulators.
Rosewood Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
Ho Wood (Cinnamomum camphora linalool CT) — 85–92% linalool, GABA anxiolytic science, Gulab-e-Sandal attar formula, Bois Rosé EDP & Sukoon Body Oil, for Pakistani formulators.
Rosewood Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
Ho Wood (Cinnamomum camphora linalool CT) — 85–92% linalool, GABA anxiolytic science, Gulab-e-Sandal attar formula, Bois Rosé EDP & Sukoon Body Oil, for Pakistani formulators.
Petitgrain Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient...
Citrus aurantium subsp. amara — linalyl acetate 45–55%, linalool 20–28%, IFRA unrestricted whole oil. Narangi Shebab Attar, Narangi Cologne & Narangi Raat ki Malish formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Petitgrain Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient...
Citrus aurantium subsp. amara — linalyl acetate 45–55%, linalool 20–28%, IFRA unrestricted whole oil. Narangi Shebab Attar, Narangi Cologne & Narangi Raat ki Malish formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Geranium Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Geranium Essential Oil —(Pelargonium graveolens) (Chinese/Bourbon/Egyptian types) — Citronellol 20–42%, Geraniol 5–30%, Rose Oxide trace; IFRA Restricted (geraniol, citronellol, linalool allergens); suits Chypre, Fougère & Gulab-e-Shaam Attar formulas for Pakistani...
Geranium Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Geranium Essential Oil —(Pelargonium graveolens) (Chinese/Bourbon/Egyptian types) — Citronellol 20–42%, Geraniol 5–30%, Rose Oxide trace; IFRA Restricted (geraniol, citronellol, linalool allergens); suits Chypre, Fougère & Gulab-e-Shaam Attar formulas for Pakistani...
Ginger Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
(Zingiber Officinale)
Ginger Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
(Zingiber Officinale)
Citronella Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient ...
Citronella Essential Oil Cymbopogon winterianus (Java type) · Citronellal 32–45%, Geraniol 21–24% · IFRA restricted (constituent-based) · Serai Bahar Attar · Sabz Taazgi Fougère · for Pakistani formulators
Citronella Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient ...
Citronella Essential Oil Cymbopogon winterianus (Java type) · Citronellal 32–45%, Geraniol 21–24% · IFRA restricted (constituent-based) · Serai Bahar Attar · Sabz Taazgi Fougère · for Pakistani formulators
Pink Pepper Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient...
Steam-distilled Schinus molle fruit oil; α-pinene 15–30%, IFRA-restricted methyl eugenol; Gulabi Oud Attar and Subah-e-Nau EDT formulas; for Pakistani formulators.
Pink Pepper Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient...
Steam-distilled Schinus molle fruit oil; α-pinene 15–30%, IFRA-restricted methyl eugenol; Gulabi Oud Attar and Subah-e-Nau EDT formulas; for Pakistani formulators.
Pine Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Pinus sylvestris L. — α-pinene 20–40%, bornyl acetate fine-fragrance marker, IFRA freshness-only rule. Fougère & Kohsar Taaza cologne formulas for Pakistani formulators. Sanaubar Unani heritage.
Pine Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Pinus sylvestris L. — α-pinene 20–40%, bornyl acetate fine-fragrance marker, IFRA freshness-only rule. Fougère & Kohsar Taaza cologne formulas for Pakistani formulators. Sanaubar Unani heritage.
Lime Essential Oil Guide - Chemistry & Uses
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle — Mexican distilled grade, non-phototoxic, D-Limonene 45–62%, β-Pinene 10–18%, IFRA restricted cold-pressed / approved distilled, for Neebu Bahar Attar and Citrus Storm EDT — for Pakistani...
Lime Essential Oil Guide - Chemistry & Uses
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle — Mexican distilled grade, non-phototoxic, D-Limonene 45–62%, β-Pinene 10–18%, IFRA restricted cold-pressed / approved distilled, for Neebu Bahar Attar and Citrus Storm EDT — for Pakistani...
Star Anise Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient ...
Illicium verum from Guangxi, China — trans-anethole 80–92%, IFRA restricted. Covers Tamiflu/shikimic acid connection, Badiyan ka Phool cultural heritage, Unani carminative traditions, and three formulas (Badiyan ka Attar, Masala Chai...
Star Anise Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient ...
Illicium verum from Guangxi, China — trans-anethole 80–92%, IFRA restricted. Covers Tamiflu/shikimic acid connection, Badiyan ka Phool cultural heritage, Unani carminative traditions, and three formulas (Badiyan ka Attar, Masala Chai...
Palmarosa Essential Oil
Cymbopogon martinii var. motia — geraniol 65–85%, IFRA restricted. ISO 4727 compliant. Complete reference for bridal attar, fine fragrance & skin care formulators in Pakistan. Rosha Tel Unani heritage, Motia...
Palmarosa Essential Oil
Cymbopogon martinii var. motia — geraniol 65–85%, IFRA restricted. ISO 4727 compliant. Complete reference for bridal attar, fine fragrance & skin care formulators in Pakistan. Rosha Tel Unani heritage, Motia...
Cassia Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Cassia EO (Cinnamomum cassia) — Darchini Unani heritage, trans-cinnamaldehyde chemistry, IFRA sensitiser limits, Darchini-e-Shab oriental attar and Amber Épice Parfum formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Cassia Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Cassia EO (Cinnamomum cassia) — Darchini Unani heritage, trans-cinnamaldehyde chemistry, IFRA sensitiser limits, Darchini-e-Shab oriental attar and Amber Épice Parfum formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Cuminseeds Essential Oil
Steam-distilled Cuminseeds Essential Oil Cuminum cyminum (Zeera); cuminaldehyde 20–50%, IFRA-restricted phototoxic oil; used in Zeera-e-Shahi attar and Spice Market EDP formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Cuminseeds Essential Oil
Steam-distilled Cuminseeds Essential Oil Cuminum cyminum (Zeera); cuminaldehyde 20–50%, IFRA-restricted phototoxic oil; used in Zeera-e-Shahi attar and Spice Market EDP formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Black Pepper Essential Oil — Complete Ingredien...
Black Pepper EO (Piper nigrum) — β-caryophyllene CB2 activity, Malabar vs Vietnamese grades, IFRA compliant, Filfil Unani heritage, Mirch-e-Shahi attar and masculine EDP formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Black Pepper Essential Oil — Complete Ingredien...
Black Pepper EO (Piper nigrum) — β-caryophyllene CB2 activity, Malabar vs Vietnamese grades, IFRA compliant, Filfil Unani heritage, Mirch-e-Shahi attar and masculine EDP formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Tangerine Essential Oil Guide - Chemistry & Uses
A comprehensive scientific, historical & perfumery reference covering chemistry, origin grades, the Kinnow–Pakistan connection, formulation strategies, mosquito repellent activity, and non-phototoxic safety for sun-exposed skin care.
Tangerine Essential Oil Guide - Chemistry & Uses
A comprehensive scientific, historical & perfumery reference covering chemistry, origin grades, the Kinnow–Pakistan connection, formulation strategies, mosquito repellent activity, and non-phototoxic safety for sun-exposed skin care.
Clove Bud Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient G...
Syzygium aromaticum bud oil: eugenol 70–87%, eugenyl acetate 8–21%, IFRA-restricted · used in carnation accords, oriental attars & Qaranfal-e-Shahi · complete reference for Pakistani formulators.
Clove Bud Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient G...
Syzygium aromaticum bud oil: eugenol 70–87%, eugenyl acetate 8–21%, IFRA-restricted · used in carnation accords, oriental attars & Qaranfal-e-Shahi · complete reference for Pakistani formulators.
Spearmint Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient G...
Mentha spicata L. — carvone 50–80%, IFRA restricted. Covers carvone chirality, chemotype authentication, IFRA compliance, Pudina Unani heritage, and three starter formulas (Podina-e-Bahar Attar, Sehat Pudina Masaj Tel, Arctic Fougère...
Spearmint Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient G...
Mentha spicata L. — carvone 50–80%, IFRA restricted. Covers carvone chirality, chemotype authentication, IFRA compliance, Pudina Unani heritage, and three starter formulas (Podina-e-Bahar Attar, Sehat Pudina Masaj Tel, Arctic Fougère...
Mandarin Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
A comprehensive scientific, historical & perfumery reference — covering colour grades, MNA phototoxicity, IFRA compliance, Kinnu cultural heritage, cytophylactic skin properties, children's safety, and Pakistani market opportunities for the world's...
Mandarin Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
A comprehensive scientific, historical & perfumery reference — covering colour grades, MNA phototoxicity, IFRA compliance, Kinnu cultural heritage, cytophylactic skin properties, children's safety, and Pakistani market opportunities for the world's...
Cinnamon Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Cinnamon EO (Cinnamomum verum) — Ceylon Darchini heritage, bark vs. leaf chemistry, IFRA sensitiser limits, Darchini-e-Eid oriental attar and Chai Ghar home fragrance formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Cinnamon Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Cinnamon EO (Cinnamomum verum) — Ceylon Darchini heritage, bark vs. leaf chemistry, IFRA sensitiser limits, Darchini-e-Eid oriental attar and Chai Ghar home fragrance formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Vetiver Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Chrysopogon zizanioides · sesquiterpene-dominant base-note fixative · IFRA permitted (origin-dependent) · Ruh-e-Khas Attar, Sukoon-e-Shab Night Oil & Terre Verte EDP formulas for Pakistani formulators
Vetiver Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Chrysopogon zizanioides · sesquiterpene-dominant base-note fixative · IFRA permitted (origin-dependent) · Ruh-e-Khas Attar, Sukoon-e-Shab Night Oil & Terre Verte EDP formulas for Pakistani formulators
Patchouli Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
Pogostemon cablin steam-distilled base note; patchoulol 32–45%, ISO 3687:2016 certified, IFRA unrestricted. Khak-e-Sugandhit Attar & Chypre Moderne EDP formulas — for Pakistani formulators.
Patchouli Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
Pogostemon cablin steam-distilled base note; patchoulol 32–45%, ISO 3687:2016 certified, IFRA unrestricted. Khak-e-Sugandhit Attar & Chypre Moderne EDP formulas — for Pakistani formulators.
Eucalyptus Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient ...
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. — 1,8-cineole 60–80%, IFRA unrestricted, Kafoori Tel. Complete reference for Fougère, Aquatic & respiratory formulas. For Pakistani formulators.
Eucalyptus Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient ...
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. — 1,8-cineole 60–80%, IFRA unrestricted, Kafoori Tel. Complete reference for Fougère, Aquatic & respiratory formulas. For Pakistani formulators.
Neroli Essential oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
Citrus aurantium bigarade type — linalool 26–55%, farnesol 4–9%, IFRA-restricted (not prohibited); key material for Narang-e-Shahi Attar, Eau de Narang EDT, and natural night serums; for Pakistani formulators seeking verified-origin...
Neroli Essential oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
Citrus aurantium bigarade type — linalool 26–55%, farnesol 4–9%, IFRA-restricted (not prohibited); key material for Narang-e-Shahi Attar, Eau de Narang EDT, and natural night serums; for Pakistani formulators seeking verified-origin...
Sandalwood Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient ...
Santalum album L. — creamy sesquiterpene base note, α-santalol ≥41%, IFRA unrestricted, ISO 3518:2002. Covers adulteration detection, Shahi Sandal Attar, Sandal Noor Face Serum, and Sandal Aoud EDP formulas for...
Sandalwood Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient ...
Santalum album L. — creamy sesquiterpene base note, α-santalol ≥41%, IFRA unrestricted, ISO 3518:2002. Covers adulteration detection, Shahi Sandal Attar, Sandal Noor Face Serum, and Sandal Aoud EDP formulas for...
Lemon Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
(Citrus Limon)
Lemon Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
(Citrus Limon)
Ylang Ylang Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
Cananga odorata forma genuina — Complete grade fractional distillation, benzyl acetate chemistry, IFRA restrictions (isoeugenol, methyl eugenol), Shab-e-Aroos attar and Fleur de Nuit EDP formulas, for Pakistani formulators.
Ylang Ylang Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
Cananga odorata forma genuina — Complete grade fractional distillation, benzyl acetate chemistry, IFRA restrictions (isoeugenol, methyl eugenol), Shab-e-Aroos attar and Fleur de Nuit EDP formulas, for Pakistani formulators.
Frankincense Essential Oil — Complete Ingredien...
Boswellia sacra, carterii & serrata — α-pinene 35–70%, incensole acetate TRPV3 activity, IFRA unrestricted. Formulas: Loban Bahar Attar, Roghan-e-Loban Face Oil, Luban Blanc EDP. Essential reference for Pakistani formulators
Frankincense Essential Oil — Complete Ingredien...
Boswellia sacra, carterii & serrata — α-pinene 35–70%, incensole acetate TRPV3 activity, IFRA unrestricted. Formulas: Loban Bahar Attar, Roghan-e-Loban Face Oil, Luban Blanc EDP. Essential reference for Pakistani formulators
Cedarwood Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient G...
Cedarwood EO (Juniperus virginiana · Cedrus deodara) — Deodar Pakistan's national tree, cedrol hair-growth science, IFRA-unrestricted woody fixative, Deodar Shahi Attar and Highland Cedar Fougère formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Cedarwood Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient G...
Cedarwood EO (Juniperus virginiana · Cedrus deodara) — Deodar Pakistan's national tree, cedrol hair-growth science, IFRA-unrestricted woody fixative, Deodar Shahi Attar and Highland Cedar Fougère formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Peppermint Essential Oil Guide - Chemistry & Uses
Mentha × piperita L. — menthol 33–55%, TRPM8 cooling pharmacology, IFRA-favourable status. Master reference for pudina attar, fresh fougère, and halal personal care for Pakistani formulators.
Peppermint Essential Oil Guide - Chemistry & Uses
Mentha × piperita L. — menthol 33–55%, TRPM8 cooling pharmacology, IFRA-favourable status. Master reference for pudina attar, fresh fougère, and halal personal care for Pakistani formulators.
Bergamot Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Bergamot Essential Oil (Citrus bergamia, Calabrian PDO) — cold-pressed vs FCF grades, bergapten phototoxicity, linalyl acetate authentication, and Chypre and Fougère formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Bergamot Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Bergamot Essential Oil (Citrus bergamia, Calabrian PDO) — cold-pressed vs FCF grades, bergapten phototoxicity, linalyl acetate authentication, and Chypre and Fougère formulas for Pakistani formulators.
Nutmeg Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Myristica fragrans Houtt. — East Indian steam-distilled; sabinene–pinene terpene triad 45–75%; myristicin 5–12%; safrole-free grade required; IFRA restricted. Key in Jaiphal Unani attars, Fougère masculine EDPs, and warming massage oils...
Nutmeg Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Myristica fragrans Houtt. — East Indian steam-distilled; sabinene–pinene terpene triad 45–75%; myristicin 5–12%; safrole-free grade required; IFRA restricted. Key in Jaiphal Unani attars, Fougère masculine EDPs, and warming massage oils...
Rosemary Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (syn. Salvia rosmarinus) — dominant 1,8-cineole chemistry, IFRA restricted (camphor limits apply), featured in Ikleel Cologne & Ikleel Baal Tel formulas — the definitive rosemary reference for...
Rosemary Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (syn. Salvia rosmarinus) — dominant 1,8-cineole chemistry, IFRA restricted (camphor limits apply), featured in Ikleel Cologne & Ikleel Baal Tel formulas — the definitive rosemary reference for...
Lavender Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
(Lavandula Angustifolia)
Lavender Essential Oil Guide | Chemistry & Uses
(Lavandula Angustifolia)
Basil Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Basil Essential Oil (Ocimum basilicum, ct. linalool) — fragrance-grade Egyptian chemotype. Covers IFRA methyl chavicol compliance, Rihan Quranic heritage, Fougère formulas, Unani headache remedy, and Pakistani market positioning. Full GC/MS...
Basil Essential Oil — Complete Ingredient Guide
Basil Essential Oil (Ocimum basilicum, ct. linalool) — fragrance-grade Egyptian chemotype. Covers IFRA methyl chavicol compliance, Rihan Quranic heritage, Fougère formulas, Unani headache remedy, and Pakistani market positioning. Full GC/MS...

